| apprentice, apprenticeship | trainee, training | Lehrling,Azubi - Lehre |
| bill | proposal for a Parliamentary Act | Gesetzesentwurf |
| bourgeoisie | class that owns property or engages in trade | Bourgeoisie, Besitzbürgertum |
| Chartism | early 19th century British working class movement that wrote a 6-point "People's Charter" | |
| child labour | system in which children have to work | Kinderarbeit |
| classless society | klassenlose Gesellschaft | |
| Communism | theory that says all property should be owned by the society and not by individuals | Kommunismus |
| compete with | konkurrieren mit | |
| (be) competitive | konkurrenzfähig, wettbewerbsfähig sein | |
| cottage industry, domestic system | industry where work is done in people's homes | Heimarbeit |
| drains | system of pipes carrying rain and waste water | Abwassersystem |
| economy | Wirtschaft | |
| employ | give work for payment | anstellen, beschäftigen |
| employee | person who works for payment | Angestellter, Arbeitnehmer |
| employer | person who employs others | Arbeitgeber |
| engineer | person who plans and builds machine, roads etc. | Ingenieur |
| evolution | process of gradual development | Evolution |
| exploit, exploitation | use for one's profit | ausbeuten, Ausbeutung |
| factory system | industry where work is done in a factory building | Fabrikarbeit |
| famine | lack of food which may cause deaths | Hungersnot |
| free entreprise | system with no government control of trade and industry | freies Unternehmertum |
| germ | Krankheitskeim | |
| handloom | man-powered, muscle-powered loom | |
| housing conditions | Wohnverhältnisse | |
| hunger riots | Hungeraufstände | |
| lock out | employers stop employees from coming to work in order to force others to stop striking | Aussperrung |
| loom | machine for weaving cloth | Webstuhl |
| Luddites | rioting workers who destroyed machines which they thought would cause job losses | |
| (work at a) machine's pace | working at the speed dictated by the machine | |
| machine wreckers | people who demolished machines in the 19th century | Maschinenstürmer |
| manure | animal waste from stables | Jauche |
| migration from the land | moving from the country to the town | Landflucht, Wanderung der Landbewohner zur Stadt |
| overcrowding | too many people in one place | Überbevölkerung |
| overproduction | Überproduktion | |
| Parliamentary Act | law made by Parliament | Gesetz (vom P. verabschiedet) |
| pasteurization | heating milk to kill bacteria | |
| pollute, pollution | make dirty, making ~ | verschmutzen, Verschmutzung |
| population | number of people living in a place | Bevölkerung |
| power loom | loom powered by steam e.g. | |
| prosperous | successful | prosperierend, blühend, erfolgreich |
| protectionism | system of protecting a country's economy by putting high taxes on imported goods | Protektionismus |
| revolution | complete change, sometimes violent and sudden | Revolution |
| sewage | household waste water | Abwasser |
| sewer | a drain that carries away household waste water | Abwasserkanal |
| slum | dirty overcrowded area | |
| socialism | theory followed by socialists | Sozialismus |
| socialist | person who believes that a community's interests are more important than those of the individual | Sozialist |
| spinning jenny | machine developed from the spinning wheel | |
| strike, go on ~ | stop of work | Streik, streiken |
| supply and demand | Angebot und Nachfrage | |
| sweated labour | long hours of work by underpaid workers | |
| terraced houses | row of houses with no gaps between | Reihenhäuser |
| trade union | organization of workers that protects their interests | Gewerkschaft |
| unemployment | joblessness | Arbeitslosigkeit |
| vaccine | Impfstoff | |
| working class | Arbeiterklasse | |
| working conditions | Arbeitsbedingungen | |