| advance | progress | fortschreiten, Fortschritt |
| allies | Allierte | |
| ambassador | representative of a state | Botschafter |
| annual | yearly | jährlich |
| Arab, the Arabians | arabisch, die Araber | |
| tribute | Tribut | |
| antiquity | age before the Middle Ages | Antike |
| authority | Autorität, Verwaltung | |
| battle | fight | Kampf, Schlacht |
| bloodshed | spilling of blood | Blutvergießen |
| Cape of Good Hope | tip of South Africa | Kap der Guten Hoffnung |
| capture | take as prisoner | gefangennehmen |
| caravel | type of ship | Karavelle |
| Cathay | heute: China | |
| cinnamon | Zimt | |
| cloves | Gewürznelken | |
| claim s.th. for | demand as one's property | beanspruchen |
| conquer, conqueror | erobern, Eroberer | |
| convert | persuade s.o. to believe in God | bekehren |
| decline | become smaller in number | geringer werden |
| deputy | Vertreter | |
| discover | find out, find s.th. new | entdecken, herausfinden |
| discoverer, discovery | Entdecker, ~ung | |
| empire | Imperium, Weltreich | |
| encounter | meet | treffen, Treffen |
| evidence | proof | Beweis, Nachweis |
| explore, exploration | erforschen, Erforschung | |
| Florence | Florenz | |
| geocentric | geozentrisch, die Erde als im Zentrum betrachtend | |
| ginger | Ingwer | |
| heliocentric | heliozentrisch, die Sonne als im Zentrum betrachtend | |
| ivory | Elfenbein | |
| hostile | unfriendly, aggressive | feindlich |
| ignorant, ignorance | ignorant, unwissend - Unwissenheit | |
| infidel | s.o. who doesn't believe in Christianity | ungläubig |
| jewel | Juwel, Edelstein | |
| Mediterranean | auf das Mittelmeer bezogen | |
| nutmeg | Muskatnuß | |
| Ottoman Empire | also: Turkish Empire | Weltreich der Ottomanen |
| preserve meat | keep meat fresh for a long time | konservieren |
| Ptolemy | famous Egyptian astronomer | Ptolomäus |
| resource | Mittel, Ressourcen | |
| rule | control a country | regieren |
| ruler | head of state | Herrscher, Regent |
| sacrifice | giving up s.th. valued | opfern |
| seafaring nation | seefahrende Nation | |
| seaworthy | fit to put to sea | seegängig |
| settle | come to live in a place | sich niederlassen |
| silk | Seide | |
| smallpox | Pocken | |
| spice | Gewürz | |
| superior to | better | überlegen |
| surrender | (sich) ergeben | |
| trade, trader | sell and buy | handeln, Händler |
| tribe | Stamm | |
| Turk | Türke | |
| Turkish | türkisch | |
| Venice | Venedig | |
| voyage | travelling on the seas | Seereise |
| worship | show respect to God | anbeten, verehren |